Importance Of Small And Medium Enterprises Essay - 1442 Words

I. Introduction The globally increasing demand of IT and its adoptions proves its high impact on our life be it economical, social, professional or even if personal. Because IT offers innumerous number of benefits, it is very important to adapt IT in every fields specially Small and Medium Business(SMB). Small Business and mid-size business plays vital role in the progress of country. These small and Medium Enterprises (SME) gives significant contribution to economical growth and sound support for country s economy. And IT specially Internet is having high impact on an organization to perform primary and all support activities. This Paper focuses on IT benefits for SMEs and how it is important to adaption new IT technologies for their growth. This is also includes the influential factors and challenges that might face during IT adoption process. II. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) Small and Medium Enterprises are very important for country s economy as they provides employment, creates new jobs and contributes to nations economy growth. Basically these SME starts with 10-50 employees and grows above 500 employees as well. Some SME can also have website but some small business just work locally and through their contacts. An ideal architecture as shown in below diagram is developed for SME. Basically It have numbers of different departments but mainly categorized in six different departments. For examples, E-commerce handling/It department, sales department,Show MoreRelatedCultural Studies For Chinese Enterprises Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesCompared with the rapid development of foreign enterprises cultural studies, cultural studies for Chinese enterprises is very weak, (Ding, 2014)which is reflected in: First, the culture of Chinese enterprises still remain in the shallow stage, although there are some studies on corporate culture, but the most of them are introduced and discussed the significance of corporate culture and social culture, and business innovation dialectical relationship-based, there are not much theories based on empiricalRead MoreSmall And Medium Sized Enterprise Electronic Commerce Strategy931 Words   |  4 Pages, small and medium-sized enterprise electronic commerce strategy Small and medium-sized enterprise organization structure is simple, less management level, is advantageous for the adjustment and management and not be restricted by the inherent corporate culture, to quickly carry out new marketing concept, to make it easier to strengthen the internal and external coordination ability, and can make decisions quickly in a short time, flexible to deal with the problem. 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Why Does Population Density Varies So Much Within The UK Free Essays

Population Density is affected by many factors such as the relief, the climate, the vegetation, the soil, the natural resources and water supply. In the UK, population density varies so much as for example, London has a high population density because it has a great relief which includes flat land which will be easy to build infrastructures but Scotland has a poor relief as it has mountains and hills which means it will be difficult to build infrastructures so therefore, less people will want to vive there since there is a sparse amount of infrastructures like hospitals, roads, shops and schools so traveling to these destinations will be long. Factors like economic and social factors also affect the I-J as the economic factor can provide people transport, industrial areas, offices and ports. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Does Population Density Varies So Much Within The UK? or any similar topic only for you Order Now London has more Jobs than Scotland as it has more tertiary Jobs than primary Jobs which are paid more so this will populate London more as more people will come to London for Jobs. The social actor will attract more people to populate but Scotland has less health care, houses, entertainment, education and tourist attractions than London so therefore, people will want to go to places that contain these as they don’t want to be bored. The vegetation factor populates Scotland as there are large grass areas, trees and fallow land which attracts people who like to live In grassy areas with clean air but London doesn’t have a lot of vegetation as It Is more urban than Scotland. How to cite Why Does Population Density Varies So Much Within The UK?, Papers

Global Commercial And Industrial Scenario - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Global Commercial And Industrial Scenario. Answer: Introduction The global commercial and industrial scenario, over the years, has been subjected to considerable changes and dynamics, with the initially developed countries taking backseat and the new economics gaining predominant positions with their impressive economic growth and prospering industrial sectors (Ozawa 2014). One of such countries, which have consistently shown impressive trends in economic and overall growth, in spite of all the turmoil and hurdles in its path of progress, is that of Japan. With one of the highest growth rates, this market oriented economy ranks third globally, in terms of Nominal GDP and fourth in terms of the purchasing power parity. Much of the economic prosperity and increased standard of living of the country can be attributed to the industrial development of the country in the last few decades. The country has been known for their excellent innovations, technological progress and robust investment trends, which have helped the industrial sectors as well as the overall economy of the country, grow impressively. Of the primary industries, which have grown considerably and has made marks in the international markets, a significant one is the automobile industry of the country (Carlsson 2012). Over the last few decades, the automobile industry in Japan has grown impressively, thereby making the country one of the largest car producing nations in the global scenario. Much of the success and expansion of the automobile industry of the country can be attributed to the presence of continuous innovation, technological progress and cost effectiveness in the production process. The industry has emerged as one of the primary competitors in the global automobile market, giving considerable competitions to other global automobile brands. Keeping this into consideration, the concerned report tries to discuss the current dynamics in the automobile industry of the country and with the help of the existing empirical evidences tries to analyze the level of competitiveness the industry has been able to pertain in the international framework, in the contemporary period. Japanese Automobile Industry Japan ranks among the top three global automobile producers, known for their special and innovative technologies, catering to the demands and requirements of the clientele not only in the country itself but also across different parts of the world. The automotive and vehicle manufacturing industries together not only form a major share of the manufacturing sector of the country, but also consists of one of the most famous exports of the country. Figure 1: Global share of sales of cars by countries (2012) (Source: Kawahara 2012) As can be seen from the above figure, the automobile sector of Japan enjoys almost 6% of the global sales of vehicles after the global giants like that of the USA and China. Of the different vehicle manufacturing brands present in the country, the most popular ones, enjoying a considerable share of domestic as well as international clientele are mainly Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Mazda, Lexus, Mitsubishi and others. Apart from vehicles, the industry of manufacturing automotive components is one of the most flourished industries in the country, with the automotive parts manufactured in the country being used in six continents. The automobile sector of the country is also one of the primary sources of employment with nearly 5.5 million people of the country being employed in the vehicle and automotive related industries, which amounts to nearly 8.7% of the total workforce of the country (Sierzchula et al. 2012). Based on the number of sales, both domestically as well as in the international scenario, the leading vehicle companies of the country are as follows: Figure 2: Sales of the top vehicle brands in Japan (Source: Statista.com, 2018) As can be seen from the above figure the primary vehicle companies of the country, over the years, have been, Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Mazda and Daihatsu, with considerable market shares in domestic as well as international domains. There have been several crucial reasons behind the consistent growth of the industry in Japan, few of which are discussed in the following section of the report. Reasons behind success and expansion of Japanese automobile industry The Japanese automobile industry, in the last few years, has been considered to be one of the most competitive and productive one in the international automobile market, much of which can be attributed to the unique characteristics present in the industry as well as in the economic and regulatory trends in the country. This in their turn has helped in helping the industry of the country gain a positive edge over their international rivals. The primary factors being discussed as follows: a) Steady growth of economic prosperity- One of the primary cause of the expansion and prosperity of the automobile industry of Japan has been the steady increase in the GDP growth of the country, which in turn indicates towards the growing economic prosperity of the economy as a whole, as can be seen from the following figure: Figure 3: Growth of the GDP of Japan over the years (Source:Tradingeconomics.com, 2018) As is eviden from the above figure, the economy of the country as a whole has experienced a robust and consistent increase in the GDP over the last few decades, which indicates towards an overall productive production environment and strong demand in the country (Gao, Hensley and Zielke 2014). This in turn, is expected to cater positively to the growth of different industries in the country, which also includes the automobile industry. b) Increase in the domestic demand for automobiles- With the increase in the income of the population of Japan as a whole, the demand for a better life style also was felt, which in turn catered to the increase in the demand of vehicles in the country. The automobile sector of the country not only experienced an increase in the demand for small and domestic vehicles but also experienced a higher demand for industrial vehicles like trucks. This can be seen from the increase in the number of vehicle registrations in the country, which can be seen from the following figure: Figure 4: Car registrations in Japan over the years (Source: Tradingeconomics.com, 2018) The number of registrations of vehicles in Japan has remained considerably consistent with occasional peaks and troughs. This in turn indicates towards an increase in the domestic demand for vehicles in the country, which can also be considered as one of the primary reasons behind the increase in the expansion of the Japanese automobile industry of the country (Kim 2018). c) Technological innovations- One of the primary advantages which the automobile industry of Japan experiences and which contributes significantly to the competitiveness of the same, keeping them privileged among the other global supply side providers in this industry. Japan, especially in the post war periods of 1955, started experiencing expansions and improvements in the overall manufacturing operational framework, especially in the automobile sector. Much of which can be attributed to the extraordinary technological innovations in the country. Japan has been known for their special ability of constant thriving for innovations, which help them to reduce their cost of production in general. In case of the automobile industry, Japan has always remained in the forefront and trendsetter in the aspects of implementations of digital technologies in the production line management. This in turn, has contributed immensely in making their vehicles cost efficient as well as well equipped with facilities, which costs higher in other countries (Wardsauto.com, 2018). d) Catering to customer demands- The automobile manufacturing industry of Japan is known for their innovations, which not only contributes in reducing the cost of production of the same and makes the cars budget friendly, but also for the features in these cars which increases the level of convenience of the customers. Japanese cars known for their technological superiority, utility, cost effectiveness, durability and customer satisfaction, which make them more demanded in comparison of the pricey, ornate but less feature equipped vehicles. Figure 5: Export share of automobile sectors in different countries (Source: McCarthy, 2018) The ability of the Japanese automobile industry to cater to the demands of the customers across the world made it one of the top most exporters of vehicles in the international scenario after Germany in the last decade. e) Supportive infrastructure- The government of Japan has always been supportive to increasing expansion of the activities in the industrial sectors of the country. Along with the presence of infrastructures, facilitating inflow of ideas and innovations, the government regulations and productive investment structure benefits the overall industrial growth in the country, the automobile industry not being any exception. f) Environmental awareness- The automobile industry of Japan has been identified to be one addressing the environmental issues of concern, which includes the issues of high carbon emissions, emission of CFCs, trichloroethane and others from fuel consumption by the automobiles. Keeping these issues in consideration, the automobile manufacturers of the country constantly implements measures and innovations to make their vehicles fuel efficient and to produce new vehicles running on electricity (Yabe et al. 2012). Vehicle recycling and recycling within the manufacturing process are also implemented in the Japanese automobile industry. g) Exports market- Japan, over the last decade has experienced immense expansion in the share of markets outside the domestic boundaries of the country. The cost efficiency, budget friendliness, fuel efficiency and higher utility of their cars have helped the manufacturers to acquire higher market share in the international market, thereby giving them a competitive edge over the rival companies in other countries, which can be seen from the following figure: As can be from the above figure, the demand for global exports of Japanese vehicles, which fell drastically in 2010, owing to the overall crisis period in Japan and global economy at that point of time, however, increased considerably and regained back its strength. Much of which can be attributed to the strong alliance of the automobile industry of the country with the other leading economies in the world like that of the USA and the UK. The industry has experienced rapid increase in demands for their products, over the last few years, in the USA and in the newly emerging markets of the Middle East, much of which can be due to the presence of a weaker local currency, thereby making the Japanese vehicles cheaper for the foreign importers. Recent trends in Japanese automobile industry The growth trends of the automobile industry of Japan, which had been growing in the last decades, owing to increase in the production as well as exports of the same in the international markets, have been seen to be facing stagnation to some extent in the recent period, as can be seen from the following figure: The above figure makes it evident that the global share of motor vehicle production of Japan, which had consistently maintained a standard trend in the past decade (till 2005), has been experiencing a negative dynamics, as can be seen from the falling rate of production, after 2005. The primary reason behind the fall in the competitiveness of the automobile industry of the country can be expected to be the increase in the demand for the automobiles produced by the Chinese manufacturers (Cnbc.com, 2018). In the recent period, with the aspects of environmental pollution and carbon emission becoming global issue of concern, the international automobile industry shifting towards the production of cars driven by electricity and other renewable resources. The automobile industry of Japan has also been seen to shift their production in this aspect (Law 2017). However, the automobile industry of the country is seen to be lagging behind other countries in terms of the exports and productions of vehicles driven by electricity as can be seen from the following figure: Japan lies much below other countries like Norway, China, UK and others in terms of electric vehicle market. The export markets of the top most vehicle brands in Japan has also been seen to be reaching a saturation level, especially in its primary client countries like the USA. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the automobile industry of Japan, which had experienced impressive growth in the last decades, has been facing stagnation to some extent in the current scenario with more competing companies coming in the supply side of the global automobile industry. This has in its turn decreased the competitiveness of the Japanese automobile industry to some extent, especially in terms of the new genre of automobiles and also in terms of saturation in the global markets. Keeping this into consideration, the automobile industry of Japan has to incorporate relevant changes and modifications to suit the recent trends of global demand as well as to keep an edge over the competitors in other countries. References Carlsson, B. ed., 2012.Technological systems and economic performance: the case of factory automation(Vol. 5). Springer Science Business Media. Cnbc.com (2018).Slowing US auto sales prompts Japanese automakers to rethink discounts. [online] CNBC. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/21/slowing-us-auto-sales-prompts-japan-automakers-to-rethink-discounts.html [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Forbes.com (2018).Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/07/23/norway-leads-the-worlds-market-for-electric-vehicles-infographic/#6f406e4a4ee5 [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Gao, P., Hensley, R. and Zielke, A., 2014. A road map to the future for the auto industry.McKinsey Quarterly, Oct. Kawahara, A., 2012.The origin of competitive strength: fifty years of the auto industry in Japan and the US. Springer Science Business Media. Kim, Y.C., 2018.Japanese inward investment in UK car manufacturing. Routledge. Law, C.M., 2017.Restructuring the global automobile industry(Vol. 4). Taylor Francis. McCarthy, N. (2018).Infographic: Germany is the Worlds No. 1 Automobile Exporter By Far. [online] Statista Infographics. Available at: https://www.statista.com/chart/1451/germany-is-the-worlds-no-one-automobile-exporter-by-far/ [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Ozawa, T., 2014.Multinationalism, Japanese style: The political economy of outward dependency. Princeton University Press. Rba.gov.au (2018).The Emergence of the Chinese Automobile Sector | Bulletin March Quarter 2011 | RBA. [online] Reserve Bank of Australia. Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2011/mar/4.html [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Sierzchula, W., Bakker, S., Maat, K. and Van Wee, B., 2012. Technological diversity of emerging eco-innovations: a case study of the automobile industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,37, pp.211-220. Statista.com (2018).Major car manufacturers in Japan based on sales 2017 | Statistic. [online] Statista. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/348427/car-sales-in-japan-by-brand/ [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Tradingeconomics.com (2018).Japan Car Registrations | 1970-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Tradingeconomics.com. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/japan/car-registrations [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Tradingeconomics.com (2018).Japan Exports of Passenger Cars | 1983-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar. [online] Tradingeconomics.com. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/japan/exports-of-passenger-cars [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Wardsauto.com (2018).Shrinking Time - Can Japanese bring a car to market in 18 months?. [online] Wardsauto.com. Available at: https://wardsauto.com/news-analysis/shrinking-time-can-japanese-bring-car-market-18-months [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Yabe, K., Shinoda, Y., Seki, T., Tanaka, H. and Akisawa, A., 2012. Market penetration speed and effects on CO2 reduction of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in Japan.Energy Policy,45, pp.529-540.

The development of lithography and photography in the nineteenth century

Background Prior to the 19th century, art was vibrant. Artists prepared various forms of artwork for both commercial purposes and personal enjoyment or aesthetic value (Acconci Acconci Studio 2004, Para. 4). The society was appreciative of precious artwork such as Leonardo da Vinci’s Monalisa and Van Gogh’s pieces.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The development of lithography and photography in the nineteenth century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Part of their allure was the fact that these pieces were extremely rare. Only a handful of collectors could afford the exorbitant prices set for each piece because similarly, only a few artists of the time could reproduce with skill and precision copies of the originals worth a collector’s money (Bearden 2003, Para. 3). Consequently, art was remarkable, and the few artists whose talents were undeniable reveled in the glory that their work gave t hem. However, in the 19th century, the art world experienced a few fundamental changes. The industrial era triggered most of these changes as people began to generate more income and consequently, more could afford to purchase rare art pieces (Berry 2010, Para.1). With this unprecedented increase in demand, artists had to keep up somehow, and individualistic hand printing was far too strenuous and time consuming. Ironically, not an artist but a playwright or dramatist came up with the idea and technique of lithography. He was seeking for a printing technique that would enable him to produce multiple copies of his play (Boone 2009, Para. 5). Alois Senefelder, an Austrian dramatist in Bavaria invented the technique of lithography. Initially, the only available printing techniques were relief printing, which involved carving out the surfaces of flat surfaces and applying ink on the projecting surfaces, and then pressing a paper onto the inky surfaces to provide images (Babb 1998, 34). The other technique, intaglio, or engraving involved making indentations on a flat surface and filing these with ink, and then using an uncompressed paper to get the image by sucking up the ink from the indentations (Close 2005, 24). Both of these methods were tiresome and could not satisfy the demand for reproduced artwork, hence the use of lithography and photography to complement these. The result was that artists made more reproductions over shorter periods using far less labor. Whereas this seems like a positive development, it had repercussions, as well. The generic artist almost died. Thesis During this time, as is also the case in contemporary art circles, artists could barely survive on the benefits that accrued from their various works because it took most of their lives before the world recognized or even acknowledged their work (Cornell 1995, 102). Consequently, money was not an incentive to produce art and mostly, the source of most of these artists’ ambition was the spirit of competition or restrained curiosity and interest.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most of them lived on commissions, which were rare and meager, so they had to find alternative means of income in other professions such as teaching and farming or even industrial labor (Dante 2007, Para. 3). For this reason, when the reproduction techniques of lithography and photography came up, most of the artists at the time viewed this as a gold mine. It was an avenue for them to produce multiple copies of either their own personal work or that of other artists. Moreover, these techniques made it possible for the artists’ works to get to the public much easier. Newspapers and televisions could now illustrate artists’ works, and the public could order for various pieces (Dali 1958, 45). The result of this was that artists produced far less original pieces focusing more on mass production to satisfy the demand. Consequently, art almost died. However, some artists sought to preserve the sanctity of original production, as opposed to mass production. These artists insisted on doing their own drawings and paintings as a way of rebelling against the new culture of mass production (DePaoli 1994, 34). Nevertheless, they were not so many as to halt the progress of lithography and photography altogether. The impact of their efforts was minimal because they too in trying to make a living had to conform to society’s demands, which could only be satisfied by applying lithography and photography among other production means (Digital Art Practices Terminology Task Force (DAPTTF) 2004, Para. 2). As a result, although their efforts did not stall the advancement of lithography and photography, it at least preserved some artistic patriotism to the traditional methods of painting and drawing. Development of Lithography Lithography as a printing technique came into o peration in 1796, when Alois Senefelder (1771-1834), an Austrian dramatist in Bavaria sought to produce multiple copies of his plays through mass reproduction (Digital Art Practices Terminology Task Force (DAPTTF) 2004, Para. 2). As noted above, prior to lithography, the dominant printing techniques were relief printing and intaglio or making engravings on surfaces and filling these with ink, and then printing. Both relief printing and intaglio featured printing on a varying surface (Doisneau 2001, Para. 3). Lithography involved printing on a flat surface. The basic principle, which informs lithography, is the mutual or simultaneous repulsion of grease and water.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The development of lithography and photography in the nineteenth century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The artist draws an image on a fine, flat piece of limestone using a greasy crayon and then wets the limestone wit h water. Next, he applies a greasy ink on the wet surface, and the parts with the greasy crayon absorb this ink while those without crayon markings repel the ink because they are wet with water. The next step is to place a paper on the inky surface and apply sufficient pressure to ensure that the paper captures the image on the limestone (Drucker Emily 2009, 12). The artist can repeat this process as many times as s/he wishes, depending on the number of reproductions s/he intends to make. Initially, lithographs were monochromatic and crude, but as time passed, various artists sought to improve the technique resulting in chromolithography, which involved the use of up to twenty different colors on an image. In 1820, artists discovered that it was far better to use thin metal plates, and they turned to zinc, aluminum, and copper plates. The advantage of using metal was that one could bend it and fit it onto the cylinder of a rotary press for high-speed printing. With the invention of lithography, the limitations of engravings no longer limited artists in the production of their works and so they could produce better-detailed images (Ernst 2005, 56). Later, photolithography saw to the reproduction of photographs, drawings, and illustrations. Effects of mass-production of lithographs on art With lithography as a means of mass reproduction, hand produced art dwindled. Most artists focused on satisfying the demand for already existing artwork and forgot about creating original work (Esaki 1957, 79). Even those who still created original pieces were seasonal in their artistry because they would draw a piece and take time off to market and reproduce it, and only draw another when the one they were reproducing stopped selling. Moreover, the development of lithography resulted in a compromise, in the quality of art. Many artists were in a rush to complete artworks and others sought to replicate either aspects of or the entire lot of their colleagues’ works becau se these were all readily available (Hawley 1997, 110). Consequently, if an artist’s personal business were not flourishing, he would simply take up another artist’s work and reproduce it for sale (Weitman 1999, 43). However, not all artists were as greedy or unfocussed. Some of them rallied against the use of this technology in producing artistic work. These artists argued that, mass-reproduced artwork could never take the place of originally produced pieces simply because the mass-reproduced pieces lacked the careful attention and dedication of the artist in working on each piece (Thompson 2004, 25).Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the fact that this argument carried weight as illustrated by the relatively cheaper prices of mass reproductions, it neither stopped the middle-class consumer, which was the bulk of the society anyway, from purchasing these pieces for hanging on their walls nor other consumers from using lithographic images in advertising and entertainment (Raimondo 2004, 5). Consequently, business in art flourished. This, coupled with the fact that even the artists who were against this new technology still profited from the same technology, watered down any effective fire that the arguments may have started. Examples of artists who sought to preserve the sanctity of hand-produced artwork include William Blake, specifically when he produced his Jerusalem painting (Morris 2009, 32), and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, a painter, poet, and illustrator who was a romanticist after the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Their intention in producing counter-culture artwork was to reform art by rejecting mechani cal processes in art production. Dante Rossetti’s The Girlhood of Mary Virgin, 1849 was one such counter-cultural piece whose uniqueness was unrivalled. It was a piece of double artwork comprising of two accompanying sonnets and a comment on the painting (McGann 2009, Para. 3). Nevertheless, although they waged a valiant war, Blake and Rossetti’s livelihood were dependent on industrialization (Melua 2010, Para. 3). Blake made a living out of commercial commissions while Rossetti was a translator and illustrator of mass produced literature (Lewis 1990, Para. 3). Consequently, theirs was a case of preaching water and drinking wine, and their artists ignored them. However, they had an impact on art in the 19th century to the extent that they preserved originality in artistry by producing their own pieces originally. Development of Photography Photography refers to the art of drawing with light (Berry 2010, Para. 3). The photographer uses light to record or capture an obje ct or a scene on a light-sensitive screen or surface (Goldberg 1991, 34). In photography, the camera is an extension of a person’s eye and mind. As a camera, it is simply an object and only becomes a constructive tool that one can use to capture images once a person with the necessary skill wields it (Jeanne 2003, 96). The concept of photography bears heavily on light control. As early as during Leonardo da Vinci’s time, the principle of camera obscura (Berry 2010, Para. 4), simply translated to mean ‘darkened room’ had grasped the attention of many artists. Initially, artists used a large room with a diminutive hole on one of the walls to serve as the only source of light and consequently set in focus a given image. The resultant image was inverted but exceptionally clear and detailed (Kluver 1997, 40). The concept evolved into a pinhole camera and reduced in size until artists finally had a portable camera with two mirrors at 45 degrees to produce an upr ight image. Nevertheless, the images were temporary in nature, and as soon as the object moved or the light shifted, they would fall out of focus. In the early 19th century, Joseph Nicephore Niepce conducted various experiments with lithography and he discovered a method that could permanently capture images in a camera obscura for at least eight hours (Lewis 1990, Para. 4). This was in 1827 when Niepce recorded the world’s first surviving photograph. Elsewhere, Daguerre had been experimenting with silver iodides to capture images on a light sensitive film. Upon hearing about Niepce’s success, he went over, and they formed a partnership in 1829. Under Niepce’s guidance, Daguerre invented the Daguerreotype, which involved production of images on a chemical surface (Berry 2010, Para. 2). However, one could only produce a single image at a time, and the procedure was complex (Lunar 2008, Para. 3). Moreover, reproduction through the same process was impossible, and the object had to remain motionless for several minutes before the artist captured its image. Nevertheless, the resultant images were of high quality with details clearly captured and artists soon adopted this method in the production of portraits. Examples of artists famous for this technique include Albert Sands Southworth and Josiah Johnson Hawes among others (Tucker et al 2003, 23). William Henry Fox Talbot used different chemicals to come up with a different procedure that had almost similar results in terms of image production, although his images were of a poorer quality (Mercer 2008, Para. 3). However, an artist could use his method to reproduce images and so he had a large following. Examples of some prominent photography artists include Roger Fenton, who produced the camp scenes of the Crimean war and Matthew Brady and his associates, who reproduced the scenes of the American Civil War. Others are Hine Lewis and Jackson William Henry, a landscape and portrait photographer respectively, who worked as the official photographer for the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Berry 2010, Para.3). Effects of mass reproduced photographic images on art Initially, many artists rejected the notion of photography as a viable artwork. This is because they focused on the disconnection between the photographer and the camera, which was more technical or mechanical. Consequently, there was disparity in distinguishing the photographer as the artist as opposed to the camera. To counter this argument, Pierre Bourhan says of the Japanese artist Keiichi Tahara, â€Å"Once the eyes and the viewfinder have done their work, Tahara’s hands continue the search. In subsequent elaboration, the artist chooses the support (the glass plate), the dimensions, the form of treatment, the framing, then puts it all together and situates it in space – the installation. Then and only then, after going through these transitional stages, do we h ave the work – fulfilled, transcendent, as far removed from reality as a statue or a painting can be† (104-105). Similarly, Joan Fontcuberta stated of Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, Joan Miro, and Antoni Tapies, â€Å"in the domain of cameras and photochemistry†¦photography became a fabulous apparatus for intensifying the gaze and a medium for generating novel experiments. In a word, they showed us once and for all that lens, light and photosensitive materials are merely tools that, like the brush and pigment, further the artist’s work† (Fontcuberto 1995, 9). Finally, Fontcuberta states of Salvador Dali, â€Å"In the same way that automatic writing enabled unforeseen poetic associations to be revealed, so photography provided a way for the Surrealists to fix the unconscious of the gaze. Dali was attracted unusually early on by the transformative capacity of the camera†¦ pictorial interventions on different photos and various collages help us comp rehend the powerful influence of the photographic vision† (91). The results of introducing photography into the 19th century were both positive and negative. For instance, artists could now record realistic images that would ordinarily have taken skilled artists hours or even days to draw within mere seconds (Melua 2010, Para. 2). It was also a powerful means of communication, a mode of visual expression, and a means for the crystallization of memories. Moreover, photographers’ skill was applicable across the board ranging from astronomy, to medical diagnosis and even industrial quality control. It introduced a technique that could capture details too minute or fast in motion for the naked eye, and could be placed in areas too dangerous for human reach (Meggs 1992, 34). With all these new and appealing qualities, the public swayed in its loyalty to traditional art. People found photography to me more convenient and cheap as they could use the cameras themselves to captu re images without the need for an artist. With time, people adopted photography as a career or as a hobby that kept them occupied (Mazur 1997, 57). Soon, museums started displaying photography work and critics began to scrutinize various elements of images captured in various fashions. Many forgot about art, and only rich collectors seemed interested in acquiring paintings or drawings. Consequently, the world forgot about traditional artists once more, and this time, it seems as though it will be for good because photography has only progressed since then (Mason 1982, 45). Nevertheless, if one is being objective about art, then there is no reason to see this as a digression of art rather than a progression because traditional art comprised of images such as portraits of live personages or captures of various sceneries and other features of an artist’s environment (Lewis 1990, Para. 3). Photography is just a faster and more accurate depiction of the same. The only deduction is the artist’s time and labor. Conclusion Lithography and photography were new techniques that took the 19th century by a storm. Consequently, different people reacted differently to their integration into the world of art. Nevertheless, they were progressive in their contributions to the art world because the product of photography for instance was the goal of any artist who drew or painted. Images resulting from photography were unflawed, easier and faster to produce. The artists would undoubtedly feel cheated of the experience of coming up with that image, but in the end, everybody was happier with the quality of photographs. Lithography, on the other hand, was also a means to an end, the end being the mass reproduction of artwork (Meggs 1997, 45). Due to the industrialization that rocked Europe in the 19th century, more people could afford paintings, although not at the exorbitant prices of original works, but at a standardized price. To satisfy this demand, artists needed a printing technique that was more efficient than hand production, and lithography provided this solution (Tucker et al 2009, 36). As to whether lithography and photography resulted in a near death of traditional artistry, the answer is affirmative. Nevertheless, if one looks at all this from the perspective of the original intent of art, or the goal of an artist commissioned to draw or paint the portrait of a live subject, photography does not seem lethal to art at all, it seems like a solution to a problem or the artist’s goal. Appendix of images The Belle Epoque, a lithographic image. The 1845 poster for Honore de balzac’s Petites Miseres de la Vie Conjugale (The Little Miseries of Married Life) another lithograph. A lithograph with the Ukiyo-e influence on a belle à ©poque design. Reference List Acconci, Vito Y. Acconci Studio. Acts of Architecture at Contemporary Art Museum,  Houston 2001: Multi-Bed Series: #1, #2, #3, #5. New York: Collection of Acconci/ Acconci Studio, 2004. Babb, Fred C. Go To Your Studio and Make Stuff: the Fred Babb Poster Book. New York: Workman Publishing Co., Inc., 1998. Bearden, Romare B. Train Whistle Blues I, 1964: Collection of Laura Groscine, 2003. Web. Berry, Danielle H. History-What is Photography? Web. Boone, Gallery G. The Color Explosion: Nineteenth-Century American Lithography. Web. Close, Chuck M. Self-Portrait/White Ink, 1978; Self-Portrait, 1999; Self-Portrait, 2000;  Self-Portrait/Pulp, 2001. Chuck Close Prints: Process and Collaboration. Houston: University of Houston’s Blaffer Gallery, 2005. Cornell, Joseph V. Custodian (Silent Dedication to MM), 1963. Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston. Elvis + Marilyn: 2 x Immortal. Houston: University of Houston’s Blaffer Gallery, 1995. Dali, Salvador E. Baby Map of the World, 1939. Il volto di Mae West. Chicago: The Salvador Dali Art Gallery, 1958. Dante, Gabriel R. In Daydreams of Conformity. Revolt In the Desert. Web. DePaoli, Geri A. Ess ays and artworks created as cultural commentary or homage to the  mythic icons of American pop-culture – Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe.† In Elvis + Marilyn: 2 x Immortal. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., 1994. Digital Art Practices Terminology Task Force (DAPTTF). Printmaking Techniques. 2004. Web. Doisneau, Robert E. Musician in the Rain. Masters of Photography. Masters of  Photography. Web. Drucker, Johanna G., Emily, McVarnish S. Graphic Design History. In A Critical  Guide. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2009. Ernst, Max M. The Couple, 1925. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen. Imagine That!  Activitiies and Adventures in Surrealism. Rotterdam: Word Press, 2005. Esaki, Reiji F. Collage of Babies, 1893. The History of Japanese Photography.  Hokkaido: Hakodate Municipal Library, 1957. Fontcuberto, Joan W. Experimental photographic work of Picasso, Miro, Dali and  Tapies at Primavera Fotografica Biennial Festival, Barcelona. In The Artist and the Photograph. Barcelona: Actar, 1995. Goldberg, Vicki J. Discussion of emotionally charged iconic photographs describes  impact on society, influencing political and sociological behavior. In The Power of Photography: How Photographs Changed Our Lives. New York: Abbeville Publishing Group, 1991. Hawley, Michael B. Artworks use digital image â€Å"tiles† from Internet retried by software  program. In Photomosaics: Robert Silvers. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1997. Jeanne, Claude C. Running Fences, 1972-76. Collection of artist. Project for  the Charles M. Schulz Museum,. Postcard 4 x 6in.,compare Goldsworthy’s Storm King Wall,1997-98. California: Santa Rosa, 2003. Kluver, Billy M. One day’s photographs of Picasso and friends at Cafà © de la Rotonde,  focusing on Jean Cocteau’s 1916-17 collaboration with Satie and Picasso on the ballet, Parade. In A Day with Picasso: Twenty-four Photographs by Jean Cocteau. Cambridge: The MIT Press , 1997. Lewis, John G. Printed ephemera : the changing uses of type and letterforms in English  and American printing. Web. Lunar, Kelb D. Early Printing Processes. Web. Mason, Robert G. Photography as a Tool. In Photography introduced as tool of  human exploration in science, technology, and aesthetics. Chicago: Time-Life Books, 1982. Mazur, Thomson J. The Origins ofGraphic Design in America, 1870-1920. Toronto: Yale University Press, 1997. McGann, Jerome J. Dante Gabriel Rossetti 1849. In The Girlhood of Mary Virgin. Web. Meggs, Phillip W. A History of Graphic Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992. Meggs, Phillip W. A History of Graphic Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997. Melua, Josh L. Printings, Drawings and Photographic Images. Web. Mercer, Peter K. History of printing. Web. Morris, William C. Balance Through Art. Web. Raimondo, Joyce N. Imagine That! Activities and Adventures in Surrealism. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 2004. Thompson, Jeffery D . Patterns structure brainstorming, creative work, and meditative inspiration. In Creative Mind System. Chicago: The Relaxation Company, 2004. Tucker, Anne G. et al. The History of Japanese Photography. New Haven: Yale U. P., 2003. Tucker, Anne G. et al. The History of Japanese Photography. New Haven: Yale U. P., 2009. Weitman, Wendy D. Printmaking and Pop Art development in catalogue for exhibition  at Museum of Modern Art. In Pop Impressions Europe/USA: Prints and Multiples from the Museum of Modern Art. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1999. This essay on The development of lithography and photography in the nineteenth century was written and submitted by user Lexi House to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cemetery Symbolism - Clasped Hands and Pointing Fingers

Cemetery Symbolism - Clasped Hands and Pointing Fingers Seen as an important symbol of life, hands and fingers carved into gravestones represent the deceaseds relationships with other human beings and with God. Cemetery hands tend to be found most commonly on Victorian tombstones of the 1800s to mid-1900s, and are typically portrayed in one of four ways: blessing, clasping, pointing or praying. Finger Pointing Up or Down A hand with the index finger pointing up symbolizes the hope of heaven, while a hand with the index finger pointing down represents God reaching down for the soul. The finger pointing down does not indicate damnation; instead, it most commonly represents an untimely, sudden, or unexpected death.   A hand with a finger pointing at a book typically represents the Bible.   Hands Holding Something Hands holding a chain with a broken link symbolizes the death of a family member or, sometimes, the bonds of marriage, broken by death. The hand of God plucking a link of the chain represents God bringing a soul unto himself. Hands holding an open book (usually a representation of the Bible) symbolize the embodiment of faith. Hands holding a heart  are symbolic of charity and are most typically seen on headstones of members of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows (I.O.O.F.). Handshake or Clasped Hands The  handshake  or representation of clasped hands dates back to the Victorian era and represents a farewell to earthly existence and Gods welcome into heaven. It may also indicate a relationship between the deceased and the loved ones they left behind. If the sleeves of the two hands are masculine and feminine, the handshake, or clasped hands, may symbolize holy matrimony, or the eternal unity of a husband or wife. Sometimes the hand on top, or the arm positioned slightly higher than the other indicates the person who passed away first, and is now guiding their loved one into the next life. Alternatively, it may indicate God or someone else reaching down to guide them up to Heaven. Clasped hands can also sometimes represent lodge fellowship and are often seen on  Masonic and I.O.O.F. headstones. Hand Holding an Ax A hand holding an ax means sudden death or a life cut short. Cloud With a Hand Emerging This represents God reaching down to the deceased. Fingers Parted in a V or Hands with Touching Thumbs Two hands, with middle and ring fingers parted to form a V (often with the thumbs touching), are the symbol of a Jewish priestly blessing- from Kohen or Cohen, or the plural form Kohanim or Cohanim  (Hebrew for priest). Kohanim are direct male descendants of Aaron, the first Kohen, and brother of Moses. Some Jewish surnames often associated with this symbol include Cahn/Kahn, Cohn/Kohn and Cohen/Kohen, although this symbol may also be found on gravestones of people with other surnames. Leonard Nimoy modeled the Live Long and Prosper hand gesture of his Star Trek character, Spock after this symbol.

A Thanksgiving Guide for College Students

A Thanksgiving Guide for College Students Thanksgiving break, for many college students, is an oasis in the middle of fall semester. Its a chance to return home and recharge. You can take a break from midterms and papers. For a lot of students, it might be their first chance to get some good food and spend time with old friends. Lots of students go home for Thanksgiving, but some stay on campus. Others head to a friend or roommates house to celebrate the holiday. No matter your situation, though, there are things you can do to make sure you squeeze every last drop out of the long weekend. Friends, Family, and Relationships Thanksgiving is nearly always about friends and family. And while every college student has a unique situation when it comes to their nearest and dearest, nearly everyone needs a little love around the holidays. Some families are less supportive than others. If you find being back home stressful, try planning to see friends or a trip to your favorite coffee shop. For many students, its the first chance they have to visit with friends from high school. If you had a large circle of friends, getting to see everyone you wanted to see might be hard. After all, the Thanksgiving break is only a few days, and most people will have some family obligations as well. Because of this, it is wise to try to plan group activities where you can spend time with as many of your old friends as possible. Dealing With Change If Thanksgiving is the first time youve been home since the start of college, you may have a hard time adjusting to being back. After months of the freedom to come and go as you please, having a curfew again might be hard to swallow. Things around your town have probably changed, too. You may have new interests and hobbies that you didnt have before, which your family may or may not approve of. Dealing with change isnt easy for anyone, including your parents. Try to approach the differences with an open mind. College is about moving from childhood to your adult life and its a process which is why you still have to follow your parents rules- but it wont be like that forever. Be patient when your parents start treating you like youre back in high school; they need time to adjust to their child growing up. When you start getting frustrated remind yourself its just a long weekend, youll be back at school before you know it. Dealing With Politics Its not uncommon for students to return home with new ideas or insight into the politics of the world. If your politics no longer align with your families, it could lead to some unpleasant conversations. Many people attempt to avoid discussing politics during the holiday but if thats not an option, view it as a learning experience. Ask your family members to explain their political beliefs to you. Even if you dont agree, allowing others to feel like theyve been heard can ease tensions. Its also easier to explain your beliefs when you have shown that you respect the other person enough to hear what they have to say. Heading Home Thanksgiving is one of the busiest travel times of the year, so knowing what to expect can prevent a fun trip home from turning into a travel nightmare. Knowing what to pack when heading home for Thanksgiving is half the battle. The other half is planning your route home. If youre in charge of purchasing your airline ticket, youll want to book it at least six weeks in advance. The Wednesday before Thanksgiving is one of the biggest travel days of the year, so youll want to avoid it if you can. If you have a class scheduled that day, talk to your professor about ways to accommodate your absence so you can leave earlier in the week. Dont worry if you forgot to buy your ticket home; there are ways to find last-minute student travel deals. If you do have to leave on Wednesday, leave early and be prepared to deal with travel delays and crowds. Staying on Top of Your Academics For most students, Thanksgiving falls either right before or right after midterms. So just because youre relaxing and hanging out with people over the break doesnt mean you can let your academics slide. While staying on top of your coursework is challenging, it isnt impossible. Thanksgiving is your first real chance to get to learn how to manage homework over a college break. Even if your professors didnt assign you anything over the break, you probably have a larger project or paper that you can work on. Remember, the end of the semester is really only a few weeks away. The time will pass faster than you think and saying you have to study is a great excuse to get out of an awkward conversation with extended family members.

The Role Of Phytase In Poultry Rations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Role Of Phytase In Poultry Rations - Essay Example Enzymes are as well used in laundry detergents to assist break up grease and other complex marks. With the intention of understanding the actions of enzymes, it is significant to know that the majority of chemicals in food are merely too huge and compound for human body to use as is. Proteins, for instance, are elongated chains of amino acids, and yet widespread sugars and starches can be extremely compound chemicals. Just as one cannot consume large lumps completely, but have to chew on bite-size pieces, the majority of chemicals inflowing the body must be conked down previous to they can be put to use (Siriwan, Bryden and Annison, 1994, Pg 15-16) . Enzymes reorganize or tear these chemicals into smaller "bite-size" pieces prepared for additional chemical reaction. For instance, table sugar (sucrose) is actually two simple sugars, chemically connected, that are estranged by the enzyme sucrase during absorption. The body can then use the ensuing uncomplicated sugars, glucose and fructose. Medical knowledge has extensively used assured enzymes with advantageous consequences. Fibrinolytic enzymes--which assist break up blood clots--have been utilized to clean injuries that have dried out and clotted beneath unhygienic circumstances. Enzymes are also used as a substitute to spinal operation to mend the outflow of a cracked disk. In this handling, the substance that has "leaked" out of the disk is suspended by action of the enzyme chymopapain. Enzymes are also imperative pointers of body tasks. From assimilating foods to metabolizing drugs, enzymes are a fundamental element of our bodies. And with genetic production and recombinant DNA expertise presently in progress, it appears probably that many of the familiar enzyme lack diseases will turn out to be handy if not cured. One enzyme under consideration in our study today is "Phytase" due to its extensive use in poultry industry. According to Moore (2003, Pg 65) Dietary prerequisite of phosphorus and its accessibility in plant source feedstuffs are important subjects in poultry nourishment. It is renowned that the phosphorus accessibility from plant foundation for instance corn and soybean meal is inadequate to 30-40 percent. This short accessibility is accredited too much of the plant's phosphorus being in the shape of phytates (Myoinositol hexaphosphates). Phosphorus is there in the form of phytic acid as a compound of cations (Ca, Mg, Zn and K) and/or proteins. Poultry is short of adequate quantity of endogenous phytase in the gastrointestinal territory to hydrolyze the phytate molecule and discharge the inorganic phosphorus. This demands adding up costly inorganic resources of phosphorus to persuade dietary prerequisites. Adding up inorganic phosphorus, though, effects in disproportionate emission of phosphorus in manure, pretentiousness an environmental worry, particularly in concentrated animal production. This augmented environmental apprehension that has shaped much attention in phytase consumption in current years. Phytases are a collection of enzymes that catalyze the stepwise exclusion of inorganic orthophosphate from phytic acid. (Sebastian, Touchburn and Chavez, 1998, Pg 27-28) These enzymes take place in cereals and are produced by bacteria, fungi, and yeast

Coral Reefs in the Philippines and the trophic levels and organism Research Paper - 1

Coral Reefs in the Philippines and the trophic levels and organism localization and interaction specific to this area - Research Paper Example Moreover, they provide food security and livelihoods to people in the country. However, the stability of reefs in the region is under threats. This has occurred due to destructive fishing methods and overuse of resources (Unico Conservation Foundation, 2012). The threat in this ecosystem is seen as a threat to Philippines livelihoods due to a higher level of reliance on reefs. In coral reefs, there exists a feeding relationship between various organisms. The relationship helps in the transfer of energy from one level to another (Rose, 2009). A reef in a normal environment ensures stability and sustenance of these organisms. In the lower level of the reef are the producers. These ensure there is a creation of food for other organisms up in the system. There are a number of producers in the coral reef ecosystems. The most common are phytoplankton, algae, and species of seaweed (Rose, 2009). However, the major producer in the system is the phytoplankton (Rose, 2009). The organisms at this stage live in close association with the corals. Hence, they contribute to the make up of the reefs. Consumers occupy the second level (Rose, 2009). However, the consumers are divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary. The first level in this stage is occupied by primary consumers (Rose, 2009). The consumers at this level are herbivores (Rose, 2009). Some of the major herbivores in the marine environment include zooplankton, invertebrate larvae, benthic grazers, sea urchins, some corals and crabs as well as green sea turtles and herbivorous fish (Rose, 2009). However, the most abundant consumers at this stage are zooplankton (Rose, 2009). However, the feeding mechanism of creatures at this level varies. For example, the benzic grazers and some coral species adopt a different mechanism in which they feed through filtration (Rose, 2009). The form of feeding helps them to filter phytoplankton out of the water. Other creatures eat algae and seaweed directly. The

Father of the Year Essay Example for Free

Father of the Year Essay Many people in Maycomb County , Alabama gathered to watch Atticus Finch defend Tom Robinson , a black man. The odds were already against Tom Robinson and Atticus because Tom Robinson was black and Mayella Ewell was white. Tom Robinson is being accused raping Mayella Ewell in her own home when he was suppose to be helping her with some work. Mayella told Tom Robinson to â€Å" †¦ come here, nigger, and bust up this chifferobe for me, I gotta nickel you. † According to her after she asked him to bust up the chifferobe tree he attempted to rape her. Before Atticus Finch even had a chance to question Mayella , she burst out in tears. She burst into tear when the judge simply said â€Å"Just tell us what happened†. At the stand Mayella was a nervous break down. Within the first few questions that Atticus asked her she freaked out because she thought that Atticus was â€Å"mockin† her. Atticus was only being polite by calling her maam and Ms. Mayella , and Mayella seemed to just take in offense. During the questioning by Atticus , Mayella kept her same story, that Tom Robinson raped her. She seemed to be unsure about that story mid-way through the questioning. Actually some of her responses to Atticuss questions didnt make sense or she wouldnt respond at all. She told the court room that Tom Robinson hit her with his left hand on the right side of her face, even though his left Crises in Maycomb By: Kevon McClary hand is paralyzed from an accident that accord while he was a child. The odd thing is that Mayella father, Bob Ewell , is left handed and was allegedly at the crime after the â€Å"rape† occurred. Throughout most of her questioning Mayella seemed as if she was confused. Mayella once stated â€Å" No, I dont recollect if he hit me. I mean yes I do, he hit me†. Mayella not speaking clearly during the questioning may lead the jury to think that she is lying about her story. [ In the picture above you will see Atticus Finch questioning Mayella Ewell. ] The last couple of questions that Atticus was asking Mayella , Mayella seemed to be getting angrier by the question. There was absolutely nothing that Mayella Ewell could be getting mad about. If I was in the jury , Mayella getting aggravated, nervous, and crying that would somewhat lead to me believing the she was lying about the whole thing. Mayella really seemed to be enraged when she said her finale statement , â€Å"That nigger yonder took advantage of me an if you fine fancy gentlemen dont wanta do nothin about it then youre all yellow stinkin cowards, stinkin cowards, the lot of you. Your fancy airs dont come to nothinyour maamin and Miss Mayellerin dont come to nothin, Mr. Finch. † My opinion of this trial is that Tom Robinson is innocent. From Mayella freaking out , to the obvious evidence that points out Tom Robinsons innocent. I think that Mayella Ewell is a great person, just raised by the wrong father. In a way it seems like all of Mayella answers were what Bob Ewell wanted her to say . She knows the truth behind it all , whether she wants to tell it or not. Its already obvious to the jury and the courtroom that tom Robinson is innocent. But the only thing is that Tom Robinson is an African American male whose word is not as important as the white man or even the white woman.

Osama Bin Laden and Al Qaeda :: History of Osama Bin Laden

Osama Bin Laden who is better known as Al Qaeda's Emir-General was born on July 30, 1957 in Saudi Arabia to Muhammad bin Judah bin Laden and Humid. He was the seventeenth child out of fifty-two. Osama went to Kin Abdulaziz University where he began studies in economics and management but left college in his third year. While at the university he learned Islamic studies and became very intrigued with this religion. Osama's father always urged his children to refrain from politics and religion debate, but Osama seemed interested in government and international politics. In 1973 Osama focused his time and energy on resources and advancement of Islam and Islamism. He also gained higher knowledge in mujahid fighting with wealth and sake for Allah. Osama is well established among the Afghan people. He is one of the scholars of the Jihad as well as being the main commander of the mujahideen worldwide. Dr. Abjullah Azzam leading Islamist influenced Osama for the next 10 years. Together in 1984 the two set up the Afghan service Bureau. Osama's first cam, al-Ansar, in Jaji in Afghanistan's Pakita province was built. In 1982 Essam al-Ride, a flight instructor, joined al Qaeda where he served as procurement officer and Osama's personal pilot. During this time Osama's father died and he inherited a huge sum of money, which he invested. He began to build several training camps and quest houses for the Arab mujidian's. In the mid 1980's Osama began to import machinery, building roads, cave complexes, and supervising the blasting of massive tunnels. Osama then began to win over the Afghan people by becoming humble and starting to live a simplistic life. He seemed to have the ability to befriend and communicate with fighters and live with the Afghan peasants. During his stay on the Afghan-Pakistan border his religious convictions began to deepen. In 1987 what was known as the Lion's Den Operation occurred, exposing Osama to Soviet poison gas. He suffered minor injuries from this attack. This in turn upset him and his dislike of the soviets grew. Osama's wealth and influence made him a natural leader of the Arab Mujahidin people. Osama spent much of his time after this on the front line while Azzam was the one who conceptualized Al Qaeda.

Modern Trading Culture Essay

With increasing competition everyday in the consumer market, the world has shifted towards modern trading concepts. The modern trading concept has two major objectives; to provide the basic necessities under one roof. Secondly, the customer should be able to touch the products in person. Metro and Macro are the examples of modern trading stores. The procedures and implementation of modern trade in other countries is different as compared withPakistanbecause of the local trading culture. Modernization of Trading Systems According to a research, retail markets tend to modernize from largely traditional trading techniques to modern trading techniques. As markets modernize, the share of traditional trade as a percentage of total trade declines slowly; suppliers, however, will continually need to adjust the amount of resources allocated to manage the traditional trade versus the modern trade. Smart suppliers manage this balancing act by accurately tracking (and often predicting) the pace at which key transitions or market evolution shifts are likely to occur. Three overarching factors affect the speed and nature of market transition. They include (1) consumer trends and purchasing behaviors in the market; (2) factors related to modern retail consolidation (Also called central buying, an approach in chain stores whereby all purchasing is done through a central or main office); and (3) disruptive factors such as the economy, special interests, and government regulation etc. InPakistanthere are a number of manufacturers for various products. The normal distribution channel is that the manufacturers use their own distributors as well as independent distributors in the market, who purchase products from the factory and then deliver to the retailers and the wholesalers. On the other hand, some retailers get products directly from the distributors while some are purchasing from the wholesalers. Big cities have thousands of outlets in the market for grocery items. If we only take the example of twin cities ofPakistan, there are around 3,000 grocery outlets including the small shops inIslamabadand inRawalpindithere are around 15,000 outlets. It is impossible for the manufacturer to reach each and every outlet so they need distributors to make the products available to the outlets. Even the distributors at times cannot reach all of the outlets, so there are wholesalers in the markets who buy the products in bulk from distributors or manufacturers. They are located in certain locations where the retailers buy the products from the wholesalers. At the end of the day, it all depends on the relationships of the retailer; if he has good relationship with the distributors and can buy the products on credit from him and even return the unsold products, or he could buy the same products from a wholesaler like an end consumer. We can say that the markets in Pakistan are divided into 2 categories with respect to retailers; first are those who are getting the products from distributors and second are those who are buying the products from wholesalers. Distributors supply the product at the retailer’s shop but retailer has to go to wholesaler to purchase a product. These consumer trends, retail consolidations, and disruptive factors heavily influence retailers’ growth strategies as well as the formats they are most likely to develop to sustain growth over the long term. As markets evolve, retailers adjust their formats and operational strategies to cater to differing shopper needs and trends-and thereby maximize retailers’ reach in an evolving market. Advantages and Disadvantages There are numerous advantages of modern trading system. There are 3 types of consumers who come to modern trading stores like Metro or Macro; 1) end users, 2) traders and 3) hoteliers. The system of modern trade influences the distributor business because retailers are now going directly to these stores and are purchasing products themselves at lesser prices. Modern trade is reducing the number of distribution channels from the factory to the retail shop. This subtraction of distribution channel increases the profit margins of both the manufacturer and the retailer. It is a convenient alternative for the end users to purchase house hold items from one place at a lesser cost. The disadvantages of modern trade is that it is adversely affecting the business of independent distributors since the manufacturer is giving different prices to the distributors and the modern trading stores .Margins of distributors have reduced and they are also loosing some of their clientele as some retailers prefer to buy products directly from these modern stores rather than distributors. Another disadvantage of modern trade inPakistanis that it has confused the end user by offering 3 different prices for the same product in the market. Those 3 pricing areas are retail shops, wholesalers and the big stores. This usually creates doubts about the quality of the products because of the price variations. Reluctance in Modern Trading Some of the manufacturers are now willing to enter into modern trading system but it also varies from manufacturer to manufacturer. If a company has a strong positioning of their products in retail outlets of a city, they would also be willing to sell their products in a big store. But on the other hand, if a company has weak positioning in the retail outlets, they would hesitate to sell their products in the modern trading stores. The distributors get fix percentage of profit from the manufacturer to sell their products to the retailers or wholesalers. Indian Market If we take the example of India, where consumer trends are very much similar to ours and have been the greatest influencer in forcing modern trade to develop. A significant demographic transition is now underway with a large, young, working population (median age of 24); more nuclear families in urban areas; an increase in the number of working women; and emerging opportunities in the service sector. Urbanization, higher household disposable income, and convenience one-stop shopping are other factors that are fueling this modern trade growth. Retail consolidation will slowly help drive modern trade growth as well. It is estimated that the Indian retail industry was worth about USD286 billion at the end of 2004; yet India remains one of the most fragmented retail sectors in the world with only 2% of total sales deriving from the modern trade. As that happens, India is likely to see a significant trend toward modern trade as retailers invest in data, technology, and infrastructure to exploit and escalate potential growth. Disruptive factors particularly government regulation are unquestionably the key â€Å"reason† foreign players have not played an influential part in triggering retail consolidation in India. However, there is no one path to modernization; markets are not dependent on global retailers as catalysts for modernization. However there are many markets where global retailers act as key catalysts, and, in fact, capture the lion’s share of the modern trade. To understandIndia’s potential future, it is useful to look at examples of three market types, and why they’ve modernized the way they did: †¢ Markets that have grown the modern trade through global players entering the market; †¢ Markets that have grown through a hybrid of global and local players; and †¢ Markets that have modernized driven almost entirely by local retailers. Government Policies The government policies play a major role in implementing modern trading system in a region. InIndia, there are some areas where the government has not allowed modern trade stores to operate. Similarly, inPakistanif the existing traders are reluctant of the entrance of modern trade stores like Metro the government has the authority to impose restrictions on such stores. Nevertheless, these kinds of stores are beneficial for the Government as they give fixed General Sales Tax (GST) and also are a foreign investment in the country. The Core Capabilities Required for Growth A core takeaway from studying market evolution is that, regardless of whether the retailer driving the modern trade is global or local, the capabilities they need to do that are largely the same! In addition to the overall management, a great modernizing retailer will require capabilities in six core areas to win in the changing environment. Finance A retailer is best served having an operating model with two key financial criteria: †¢ Generates enough cash flow to fund its expansion; and †¢ Remains relatively low debt. Retail is a cyclical and relatively low margin business. High levels of debt and interest greatly impede a retailer in growth mode and can make running the operation difficult. Most great retailers remain relatively conservatively financed. Operations The retailer is able to manage the complexity of getting merchandise from factory to shelf. Indian conglomerate Reliance Industries Ltd. is aiming to get to this state through integration of an entire supply chain from farm to store, particularly with staple food commodities. Many great local retailers (e.g., HEB and Publix, twoUSregional grocery chains, and 7-11 inJapan) optimize their market position through a best-in-class supply chain, which gives them a significant competitive advantage in speed and store conditions. Brand Brand is all about a relevant and influential connection to the shopper. It is imperative for retailers to have a systematic understanding of their shoppers and be able to execute, both in and out of the store, based on that knowledge. In addition, the ability to tailor a portfolio of formats to meet different shopper/consumer needs is very helpful-especially in geographically, culturally, and economically diverse markets like India. Pantaloon is one of the Indian retailers that has begun to develop the data and analysis capabilities to do just that. As India’s infrastructure develops to support modern trade, the retailer will be able to do that more consistently. As the market evolves, both retailers and manufacturers will require the capabilities to consistently understand what motivates shoppers and consumers, in order to bring together a successful retailer strategy that serves both constituents well. The intermingling of finance and brand is pricing; the right price doesn’t necessarily mean the lowest, especially in some categories such as apparel, where a low price may be perceived as poor quality. Also, a rigorous understanding of which items are important to be low priced for competitive purposes versus which items can be margin enhancers, is one of the key criteria strong retailers use to grow in a market. When discussing people, the discussion is incomplete without the right measurements in place. As people are trained to execute at the store, retailers will have to have the right set of measures to ensure great delivery to the shopper. In addition, the focus of high capability in-market retailers’ corporate measures are usually geared toward selling to the consumer than on buying efficiencies and leveraging scale; however, our research shows that retailers who understand this and work proactively with suppliers to optimize their mutual business tend to grow faster than the market. In-store execution should come together as a result of the right brand message and effective operations that facilitate having the right merchandise in the right place. Often the simplicity of the message and the operation generally results in superior in-store execution, and this largely depends on people development and training. Relentless focus on execution details is the final differentiating factor for success.

Curriculum mapping

Answer to why curriculum mapping. Comprehensive curriculum maps promote higher achievement levels as the vision of the map is created by a team of education experts not only from within the school or system, but also includes central office personnel and instructional leaders. These education leaders involve all the teaching staff of the school to provide data and information about the content, skills, and assessments administered in their classes. Important skills, content, and assessments methods are chronologically addressed and cater to the schools academic calendar.Teaching load of each teacher is displayed on the map and this makes it very easy to review as the issues in sequencing of instruction become obvious and can be corrected easily if required. So curriculum mapping is an effective tool to improve teaching skills of the teachers and competency levels of the learner. It is also an effective process for documenting and analyzing what is being taught and when. A very import ant benefit of this mapping is the teachers can quickly gauge what students mastered in the preceding grade and plan teaching without wasting time and effort on unnecessary reviewing and re-teaching.Precious teaching time is appropriately utilized in building skills and improves knowledge levels. A well organized curriculum map ensures same time line for a given subject topic, being uniformly practiced in all the classes of the same grade. Learning is made more relevant by identifying common points which means overlaps in course content. Interdisciplinary connections can be made by the teachers in their lesson plans. The students too identify and link information among courses and the teachers can plan lessons at a higher level.In a nutshell all important educational and curricular activities are reflected for every classroom within a department, school, or district level. Total education of the students in a school is effectively addressed. The information is so organized that it p resents and provides a timeline of instruction of the complete course for all the teachers. Hayes-Jacobs (1997) said, â€Å"Curriculum mapping amplifies the possibilities for long-range planning, short-term preparation, and clear communication†.A curriculum map developed by the teachers in the school helps them to effectively communicate about the course content and related skills that will be used in the classroom. All teaching lesson plans are modified to cater for all the students in class. Teaching program developed in collaboration with other educators and experts in the field always have cohesive instructions because they are evolved by integrating curriculum with content standards leading to formation of customized curriculum guides. Teachers can develop a Blue print for teaching objectives to coordinate instruction both horizontally and vertically.(Kathy Tuchman Glass 2007) shows teachers how to develop a customized, personalized process to prepare their curriculum wh ile folding content into a larger curriculum map. Curriculum map is an excellent resource not only for teachers but helps curriculum directors, staff developers, and principals to lead there teachers to evolve an academic calendar map for a complete session to educate their students. The components of this mapping serve as a benchmark to determine what students should know and be able to do.It provides an action plans for school leaders and provides processes to make standards manageable. Educators are able to translate there mission and vision in an effective manner. Not only the school managers the teachers are able to share resources and are able to teach beyond the facts. Public schools can plan to produce thinkers in place of core thinkers with this concept of integrated content plans. Educators who have adopted curriculum mapping, found this is a practical approach to create the culture and structure needed to effectively align curriculum and meet standards.Roles of district l eaders, curriculum directors, principals, and teacher leaders are defined pointing at leadership strategies for each phase, including discussion of roles and responsibilities. The initiative also provides information and facilitates how leaders can create professional development maps and professional roles maps. In most of the public schools it became clear that a curriculum mapping exercise was an essential backbone to any decision about innovative teaching as it highlighted the depth of innovative activity that is needed to make teaching relevant.Innovative teaching shifts the mindset from quantitative assessment that examines what students ‘know’ to a mindset of understanding, what students are ‘learning’ (Henri, 2002). A curriculum mapping exercise initiates ‘what is taught and when’ and also assists instructors in reflecting and adjusting their own lesson units (Payne, J. 2001). When referring to teaching topics educators often talk of te aching ‘topics’. The emphasis is on ‘teaching’ and ‘topics’. To be a curriculum practitioner you require understanding academic-practice knowledge and the array of curriculum work from policymaking to evaluation.Thomas W. Hewitt (2006). Change is inevitable hence it becomes important for students to explore and examines current issues. A good practitioner understands the necessity to keep mapping the learning path relating to current issues and trends that affect both the knowledge and the work of curriculum. When it comes to curriculum mapping, for many educators, â€Å"there is a gap between the compass and the clock – between what’s deeply important to us and the way we spend our time† (Covey, Merrill & Merrill, 1994, p. 16). Sometimes the time factor to convert perspective into practice is ignored at the managerial level.Experienced teachers cannot digest the fact that after effectively teaching for more than a decade w hy they need a curriculum map. Muhammad (2009) wrote, â€Å"Educators’ personal belief systems may be the most powerful variables perpetuating learning gaps in our public school system† (p. 14). At times in order to meet the deadlines of completing the course content teacher may not account for the learning pace of the students and overlook important aspects. According to Schmoker (2006), â€Å"Mere collegiality won’t cut it. Even discussions about curricular issues or popular strategies can feel good but go nowhere.The right image to embrace is a group of teachers who meet regularly to share, refine and assess the impact of lessons and strategies continuously to help increasing numbers of students learn at higher levels† (p. 178). References 1. Angela Koppang (2004) Curriculum Mapping: Building Collaboration and Communication Journal article by; Intervention in School & Clinic, Vol. 39 2. Bena Kallick, Jeff Colosimo, Heidi Hayes Jacobs (Jul 2008) Using C urriculum Mapping & Assessment Data To Improve Learning (Paperback) Publisher: Corwin Press 3. Janet A.Hale, Heidi Hayes Jacobs ( 2007) A Guide To Curriculum Mapping: Planning, Implementing, And Sustaining The Process 4. Thomas W. Hewitt (2006) Understanding and shaping curriculum: what we teach and why 5. Covey, S. R. , Merrill, A. R. , & Merrill, R. R. (1994). First things first. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6. Muhammad, A. (2009). Transforming school culture: How to overcome staff division. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree. 7. Schmoker, M. (2006). Results now: How we can achieve unprecedented improvements in teaching and learning. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Giovanni Boccaccio Essays - Decameron, Giovanni Boccaccio, Fiammetta

Giovanni Boccaccio Essays - Decameron, Giovanni Boccaccio, Fiammetta Giovanni Boccaccio Giovanni Boccaccio Boccaccio was born in Paris, in 1313, the illegitimate son of a Florentine merchant and a French noblewoman. Reared in Florence, he was sent to study accounting in Naples around 1323. He abandoned accounting for canon law and gave that up for classical and scientific studies. He took part in the life of the court of Robert d'Anjou, king of Naples. The king is supposed to have had an illegitimate daughter, Maria de Conti d'Aquino. Although there is no proof of her existence, she is said to have been Boccaccio's mistress and to have inspired a great deal of his work. She is, perhaps, the Fiammetta immortalized in his writings. Returning to Florence about 1340, Boccaccio performed various diplomatic services for the city government, and in 1350 he met the poet and humanist Petrarch, with whom he had a close friendship until Patriarchs death in 1374. In 1362 a friend, who promised him the patronage of Queen Joanna of Naples, invited Boccaccio to Naples. A cold reception at the court of the queen led him to seek the hospitality of Petrarch, who was then in Venice. However, he returned to his estate in Certaldo (near Florence). Boccaccio's last years, in which he turned to religious meditation, were brightened by his appointment in 1373 as lecturer on Dante. His series of lectures was interrupted by his illness in 1374, and he died the next year. Boccaccio's most important work is Il Decamerone (Ten Days' Work), which was begun in 1348 and completed in 1353; it was first translated into English, as The Decameron, in 1620. This collection of 100 stories is set within a framework. A group of friends, seven women and three men, all well bred, of worth and discretion, to escape an outbreak of the plague have taken refuge in a country villa outside Florence. There they entertain one another over a period of ten days with a series of stories told by each member. At the conclusion of the 100th tale, the friends return to their homes in the city.

A Brief Biography of Ted Bundy

In the 1970s, terrorist incidents shocked the United States. More and more girls students suddenly disappeared. While searching for a serial killer, the agent does not seem to be able to find a link to those who carry out all these terrible acts. The similarity of the victims shows that some people are wisely supporting these events. But when he got caught, the United States learned that not all serial killers fit a particular image. Ted Bundy, which is said to be very smart and interesting by many people, spreads his fears throughout America by targeting and killing young women; his future behavior Ted Bundy's biography Ted Bundy is one of the worst continuous killers ever. His antisocial personality and spiritual illness made him feel scared all over the country. After all, Ted left a series of bloody killings including the deaths of 36 young women and crossed the four states. The biggest problem in the hearts of many people is that if people like Bondi are very smart, very clever and praised, he will do such a thing. - Terrorist attacks shocked the United States in the 1970s. More and more girls students suddenly disappeared. While searching for a serial killer, the agent does not seem to be able to find a link to those who carry out all these terrible acts. The similarity of the victims shows that some people are wisely supporting these events. But when he was caught, the United States learned that not all serial killers are consistent with a particular image. Through the history of Tide Bondi, criminal investigators encountered various forms of serial killers. One of the many famous serial killers of the 20th century was Theodore Robert Bundy (Ted Bundy). Ted Bundy is responsible for killing more than Chi Omega. When people think about continuous killers they imagine people who are dirty, crazy, personal and outstanding from others. In the case of Ted, this is not the case. Ted Bondi is a very intelligent person who attended college. Ted Bundy 2 Ted Bundy: Personality comparison between Rollo May and Albert Bandura's theory The purpose of this case study is to test the personality of Ted Bundy, one of the most notorious serial killers of modern history. It is said that Ted Bundy insulted and tortured and killed at least 50 women. The possibilities are higher, but real numbers will never be known. Because Ted Bondi refused to keep the real number of his victims and inform the authorities about the exact things.

MGMT458 U5 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT458 U5 IP - Research Paper Example Leadership is defined broadly through a certain style, ability to influence others. Whether the leader is charismatic or transformational, he has power and uses it to affect the behavior and action of others. For years, leadership was studied as a mix of unique personality traits, such as intelligence and self- confidence. However, recently, the attention was turned to the styles of leadership behavior. They have been determined as democratic, authoritarian and laissez-faire. It is also essential that the companies were led by a polymath person, a person with an ability to cope with the complex tasks. History recognizes Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo as polymath leaders. Modern world polymaths are Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and Jeff Bezos. The CEO of Amazon Company, Jeff Bezos, started his business with the creation of small enterprise that sold books. By sustaining growth and development of his organization, with time, Bezos has created his name as a leader, creating one of the biggest retail organizations in the world. Today it is the huge company with a smile from A to Z, the company’s logo, which shows its willing to deliver everything to everyone. The major purpose of the services he offered was and is care of customers as the greatest value for the company. That is why during his employees meetings, there is a tradition to leave an empty chair, as a reminder that this is a customer’s one, and all the decisions staff makes will influence their consumers finally. This prioritizing of customer service helps the CEO and his staff to understand the needs and wants of each consumer and put customer on the first place. The way Jeff Bezos runs his business, displays him as the democratic leader. He conside rs freedom is impossible without the freedom of disputes, which finally brings new ideas and innovation. That is why, he holds the responsibility of the actions made by his